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Examination Of Behavioral Learning Theory - 919 Words

Examination of Behavioral Learning Theory Behavioral learning theory encompasses three specific schools of thought, Pavlovian, The Thorndyke School of Thought, and Skinnerism. Behaviorist claimed that only observable â€Å"overt action† (that is, behavior) was worth studying because it’s the only thing we can see, and therefore measure empirically (Peters, 2013). In each of the instructional design examples the behaviorism concept is prevalent. As an example, The Anatomy of A Wind Turbine, The Wealthiest Americans Ever, and The Interactive Body relied on the user to click a portion of the interactive graphic. After their selection, the user received a new piece of previously hidden information. This is an example of positive reinforcement. Something was added each time the user made a selection, there by causing the user to continue to interact with the infographic. In contrast, during the Interactive Body exercise, the user received a combination of positive reinforcement along with a type of positive pu nishment. A message appeared ( something added) if the wrong answer was selected. This would cause the user to make well thought out responses, there by achieving the goal of knowledge acquisition, resulting in the desired or conditioned behavior, selecting the correct answer more frequently.In addition, the TEDTalk lesson also utilizes the behaviorism concept as the user selects buttons to progress and gain more information, similar to the above mentioned infoShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Human Mind And Its Functions1749 Words   |  7 Pagesby definition from the Oxford dictionary is the ‘scientific study of the human mind and its functions’, or in simpler terms ‘the mental characteristics or attitude of an individual’. This subject focuses on the mentality and behavioral aspects of humans, assessing the behavioral patterns occurring within the mind, and questioning how it controls certain parts of our bodily system. In the broad topic of psychology, t he numerous aspects of it each have a distinct difference to one another. For exampleRead Morepsy 3601407 Words   |  6 Pages Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Introduction Cognitive Psychology/PSY360 Cognitive Psychology Definition Paper Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes surrounding learning, memory, perception, and thought. Though it is still a relatively new formal branch of psychology, its roots extend back to Descartes who sought a way to explain how the mind worked, proposing the analogy of a â€Å"hydraulic system of nerve function† (Willingham, 2007, p. 26) after he observed animated statuesRead MoreCyber Deviance Among Adolescents And Adolescents1714 Words   |  7 Pagesgranted. â€Å"Cyber Deviance† is an umbrella term that includes digital piracy, computer hacking, and sexting which is on the rise among adolescents (Udris, 2016). Examination of the theoretical structure toward explaining this type of behavior could possibly provide the public the genesis. Theoretical components emphasizing in social learning, self-control, and differential association have been used with a positivist approach – more specifically the positivist’s assumption of determinism à ¢â‚¬â€œ to try toRead MoreCognitive Psychology : Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1700 Words   |  7 PagesCognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive behavioral therapy is a school of psychotherapy that intends to assist individuals with conquering their emotional issues. A focal idea in CBT is that you feel the way you think. Therefore, CBT focuses on the fact that you can live all the more cheerfully and effectively in you begin thinking with a better mindset. CBT urges you to comprehend that you re thought process or beliefs lie between the occasion and your definitive sentiments and activities. TheRead MoreTheories Of Leadership And An Effective Leader1598 Words   |  7 PagesTheories of leadership provide practical advice on how to be an effective leader. Evaluate this statement with reference to at least two theories or models of leadership. In recognition on how to be an effective leader, past researches in leadership has discovered that leadership is a critical aspect to an organization and it will continue to evolve, in line with the development of human-to-human relationships (Daft Pirola-Merlo 2009, p. 4, Rast et al. 2012 p. 646). Yet, to be a leader, thereRead MoreLearning Style Essay871 Words   |  4 PagesLearning Style Following a review of the Vark Questionnaire and Analysis, it has been determined that preferred learning style is multimodal. The Multimodal learning preference refers to the utilization of multiple learning strategies which consists of Aural, Visual, Read-Write and kinesthetic learning preferences (ARK). Statistically, 60% of any population is believed to utilize multiple preferences for learning strategy. In utilizing the multimodal style of learning, one is able to use multipleRead MoreClassical and Neo Classical Theories1300 Words   |  6 PagesClassical and Neo-Classical Theories of Management Classical management theory There are three well-established theories of classical management: Taylor,s Theory of Scientific Management, Fayol’s Administrative Theory, Weber’s Theory of Bureaucracy. Although these schools, or theories, developed historical sequence, later ideas have not replaced earlier ones. Instead, each new school has tended to complement or coexist with previous ones. Theory recognizing the role that management plays in anRead MoreBehaviorism s Theory Of Psychology983 Words   |  4 PagesWatson was the person who brought forth the concept of behaviorism; Watson wanted to create an objective science of psychology. The whole inspiration for behaviorism comes from Watson’s interest of Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov, who studied animal learning. The behaviorism era begun when all the sciences: astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology separated from philosophy. During the creation of behaviorism, there were three types of behaviorism: methodological, psychological, and analytical. The purposeRead MoreComparison and Contrast of the Psychodynamic and Cognitive Behavior Theories1113 Words   |  5 PagesCognitive Behavior Theories In life, humanity is on a journey much like walking through a forest full of trees that requires consistent observation while navigating the path traveled. Remaining on course is a very important part of arriving at the destination of achievement and success. There is no way to have complete certainty of always arriving on time, as all the variables come into the picture of that journey which psychology also does in relation to the mind. The psychodynamic theory in comparisonRead MoreHealthpromotion.Docx1.656 Words   |  3 Pagesdelivered in a complicated environment. The nurse spends the majority of time with patients and their families, advocating in the acute care, long-term care setting, as well as the community. Nurses must be well educated on theories and models to assure that the appropriate theories and models are being utilized, for example, Newman’s Health Care System model relating to the Total Person Approach. â€Å"To ensure high quality care, our care as nurs es should be centered on our patients, meaning we should focus

William Isaac Thomas Free Essays

The Thomas Theorem William Isaac Thomas (13 August 1863 – 5 December 1947) was an American sociologist. I decided to write about the W. I Thomas after reading about the other theorist I decided that W. We will write a custom essay sample on William Isaac Thomas or any similar topic only for you Order Now I Thomas theory was much more intriguing and very controversial. W. I Thomas is well known for his quote: â€Å"If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. † In 1928, the sociologist W. I. Thomas formulated this statement which later became known as the Thomas Theorem. In other words, the interpretation of a situation causes the action. This interpretation is not objective. Actions are affected by subjective perceptions of situations. Whether there even is an objectively correct interpretation is not important for the purposes of helping guide individuals’ behavior (http://en. wikipedia. org, 2011). The Thomas Theorem in my interpretation means that whatever you think or believe in it will become true. I agree with this theory to a certain extent that this only applies to some things in life and not all. For example if I think that I am going to be a millionaire it will not just come true I would have to do something in order to make my thoughts come true. How we view the world creates real and tangible outcomes in how we feel and what we do. W. I. Thomas (1863–1947) (1966) stated that whatever we believe to be real will become real in its consequences. So if we believe one religious or political group is right, we will act in a way that supports that view, and we may disagree with those who view things differently. We may try to convince them that our view is right (Vessling,2010). Although many people do not agree with the Thomas theory there are many who do. Law enforcement agencies use it to train officers in the handling of the mentally ill, and it’s been used effectively to explain everything from beauty contest outcomes to panic runs on bank deposits(soulshelter. com, Tim, 2008). The Secret, written by Ronda Byrne and As a Man Thinketh, written by James Allen are both self help books and based on this theory. Some say the formulation of the Thomas Theorem is ambiguous. It could mean, â€Å"The consequences of a situation follow from how it is perceived, not the way it really is,† or â€Å"The power to define a situation includes power over its consequences. † It also could simply mean, â€Å"Beliefs have consequences, regardless of whether they are true. † Whether Thomas was referring to self-fulfilling prophecies, or expressing skepticism about the existence of an objective world; depends on how the statement is interpreted (www. ehow. com, 2011). Frank Van Dun criticized the theorem, he goes on to say: â€Å"The consequences of a situation being believed to be true are the same as if it is actually true,† it is false, because one can’t create or negate a reality by wishing for or denying it. If it means, â€Å"The consequences of a situation are real no matter how well it is defined,† it is trivial because that reduces to the aphorism, â€Å"Get real. † Besides the negative feedback from many, W I Thomas was also a pioneer of a psychological approach to social phenomena, and thus can be regarded, together with William Graham Sumner and Wilhelm Wundt, as a forerunner of cultural psychology. His The Polish Peasant was an important landmark in American sociological research. He used biographic data personal letters, autobiographies, diaries, and other personal documents developing the life-history method for which he became famous along with the ideas of George Herbert Mead, Thomas’ concept of the â€Å"definition of the situation† later proved to be an important starting point for the revolution of symbolic interactionism against structural functionalism(http://www. ewworldencyclopedia. org, 2011) In conclusion I am a Christian so I believe in God, I also believe that if I ask God to do something that it will be done. The bible reads in Matthew 7:7 Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you (King James Bible). W. I Thomas theory maybe a little farfetched to some but this is truth to many. Based on my research I can relate more to the Thomas Theorem. References Alden, WH. 2007) William Isaac Thomas Retriev ed from http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/W. _I. _Thomas Phillips, Colby. (2011). What is the Thomas Theorem of Sociology Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/info_10068714_thomas-theorem-sociology. html Tim (2010) Understanding the life Through the Thomas Theorem Retrieved fromhttp://www. soulshelter. com/fortune/understanding-the-world-through-the-thomas-theorem-2/ Vissing, Yvonne (2011) An Introduction to Sociology How to cite William Isaac Thomas, Papers

Time Management for BIM and Construction Management -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theTime Management for BIM and Construction Management. Answer: Now, from the research, it is been recommended that constructions industries or organizations need to focus on the planning as well specification of objectives of the project management practices to determine the time for each operation. It is the responsibility of project manager to analyse the situations and offer proper guidelines to the team members that will help to complete the tasks in the stipulated time frame. Periodization of tasks would be a better technique for managing the time in the project management practices as the tasks will allocate more time by considering the importance (Griffith.et al. 2014). This kind of approach will help to spend the right time on the right activities and support in the achievement of objectives. By maintaining the two way communication the time management can also be improved as checking of updates and organizing the process accordingly will help to meet the deadlines and complete the tasks. Findings In a project time management is an essential element that helps to manage and accomplish the project in the given time period. In the previous stages, different approaches to time management and planning of time have been evaluated for managing the project of construction. Stage 1 has identified the information about risks and issues that can be a reason of the failure of the project (Walker, 2015). The study has analysed that, construction project is more complex and time consuming that requires proper scheduling of the tasks as well risks that can influence the process of working. From the study, it has been carried out that allocation of time for each task is important to meet the objectives more professional manners. For managing the time, the project manager could use different tools and techniques that will involve the setting of deadline and milestone for completing the task in the stipulated time period. In the current scenario, the manager set the deadline for each task by considering the future operations and allocate the work to the team according to skill and capabilities. The deadline for the project helps the team members to divide the tasks by considering the operations that require more time to meet the objectives (Kelly.et al. 2014). The setting of a deadline in construction project allows the management to complete the each phase of operation without conflicts. Hence, it can be considered that time management is performed for project management that leads the project for successful completion. The study has carried out that, manager of the project may include the different tools and techniques for planning of time on the basis of type and size of the operations in particular construction. The process of time management in the construction project requires effective planning, the delegation of role and responsibilities, prioritization of tasks and spending the right time on right activity (Hardin and McCool, 2015). The study has undertaken case of construction industry of Malaysia which has been conducted by CIOB. The project management practices of the organization in this industry are facing a tough time due to inadequate time management approaches that leading to failure or delay in the project. According to the analysis of the case, the major reason behind the failure in the construction project management is unawareness about the tools and techniques of time management (Sears.et al. 2015). Moreover, lack of experience in the utilization of project management tool is having a significant impact on the planning and development as well implementation of a construction project to achieve the objectives in the specific period of time. As per the evaluation of the case, it is been found that Malaysian construction industry failure rate is 43.55% due to improper time management. From the case of Egyptian construction industry, it is been carried out that failure in the project is due to inefficiency in the management of time for specific tasks. The case study provided data which shows significant results such as 18.45 % failure in construction due to contract time schedule. 29.33 % and 26.67 % of the failures were due to the inefficient construction of flowchart and other hard skills which are to be employed in project management (Koo.et al. 2015). Moreover, the top management of the project was lacking in the setting the goals and objectives for a specific project which is affecting the overall process of completing the construction project within the time. The target and goals that have been sated by the management were unrealistic which are hard to manage by the team members. The lack of planning in construction is also increasing the rate of failure in the planning of the organization to complete the project in the given time period. The practices of kee ping records and evidence of managing the project deadline are not sufficient which also having the adverse impact on the management practices to complete the tasks in the given time period (Harris, and McCaffer, 2013). For a construction project, there are many technical equipment is being used for managing the practices as well scheduling of the operations and tasks. The effective utilization and training to staff members will be helpful to overcome the issues of time management. From the analysis of studies, it is been carried out that proper linked network and effective scheduling of operations will be helpful for organizations to manage the time and overcome the rate of failure by 8% (Cannon and Hillebrandt, 2016). As per the analysis of cases, it is been find out that implementation of advanced tools and software in the practices of construction will help to complete the project in the given time period as traditional time management approaches are having the lacking in monitoring of the tasks as well offering the proper details to employees to meet the deadline with requirements. In addition to this, the structure of organization and distribution of role and responsibilities are also having a direct impact on the time management. The frequency of distribution of practices is influencing the decision making of organization or employees to find the proper time for research and correction in the activities that can minimize the time of overall project practices. The adaptation of new tools and techniques according to requirements of the construction project will help to overcome the risk of delay in the projects (Cheng and Teizer, 2013). References Cannon, J. and Hillebrandt, P.M. eds., 2016.The Management of Construction Firms: Aspects of Theory. Springer. Cheng, T. and Teizer, J., 2013. Real-time resource location data collection and visualization technology for construction safety and activity monitoring applications.Automation in Construction,34, pp.3-15. Griffith, A., Stephenson, P. and Watson, P., 2014.Management systems for construction. Routledge. Hardin, B. and McCool, D., 2015.BIM and construction management: proven tools, methods, and workflows. John Wiley Sons. Harris, F. and McCaffer, R., 2013.Modern construction management. John Wiley Sons. Kelly, J., Male, S. and Graham, D., 2014.Value management of construction projects. John Wiley Sons. Koo, C., Hong, T. and Kim, S., 2015. An integrated multi-objective optimization model for solving the construction time-cost trade-off problem.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,21(3), pp.323-333. Sears, S.K., Sears, G.A., Clough, R.H., Rounds, J.L. and Segner, R.O., 2015.Construction project management. John Wiley Sons. Walker, A., 2015.Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons.

Henry The Eighth Essays - Annulment, House Of Tudor,

Henry The Eighth Henry the VIII became heir to the throne after his brother Arthur died. He received little training for his future role as king, and relied on his counselors during his early reign. Henry is remembered for his tyrancy, but most of all for his six wives. The first of Henrys wives was Catherine of Aragon. She was the widow of Henrys brother, Arthur. After Arthurs death Catherines future was the responsibility of her parents and father-in law. They decided that the Anglo-Spanish alliance must be maintained. After the death of his father, Henry married Catherine of Aragon in 1509. Henry was greatly taken with his bride. She was intelligent, accomplished and spirited, a more than suitable companion for a young and energetic king. The prime duty of any queen was to bear children, preferably males, so that the dynasty would continue after the kings demise. Although Catherine was pregnant many times, only Princess Mary survived. Henry became increasingly frustrated and disappointed; he still didnt have an heir to the throne. The Kings great Matter became public knowledge. He remained a devoted husband to Catherine until Henry met the woman who was to be his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Bewitched by Annes sparkling looks and vivacious personality. The king began scheming to end his marriage to Catherine. He claimed that it had never really been a marriage because she had been his brothers wife. Catherine claimed her first marriage was never consummated and therefore wasnt valid; Church authorities agreed with Catherine. For six years Henry struggled unsuccessfully to have his marriage annulled. In the end, determined to have his way, he broke free of the Catholic Church, established the church of England, banished Catherine from court, had his first marriage declared invalid and married Anne Boleyn. Anne was crowned queen in 1533,later that year she gave birth to her only child, Elizabeth. The years of waiting made Anne moody and sharpen tongued; Henry was falling out of love with her. Anne had made many enemies during her reign; she brought about the downfall of Cardinal Wolsey and plotted against Henrys first wife and daughter, Mary. In 1536, Catherine died and Anne was pregnant again; she knows if she gave birth to a healthy son her position, as queen would be secure. On the day of Catherines funeral Anne found Henry with Jane Seymour one of Annes maids of honor and had a miscarriage. Six months later Anne was arrested and charged with having several affairs. She was convicted and sentenced to death. Anne Boleyn was beheaded. Henry the eighth married his third wife, Jane Seymour. Jane was a very gentlewoman who also rejected the kings advances and again Henry was in love with someone he couldnt have. Henry and Jane were married two weeks after Annes beheading. In 1537, Jane gave birth to a son Edward. Twelve days later she died. Henry grieved for her, but was already looking for a new wife. This time he wanted a politically advantageous marriage. It was two years later that Henry the VIII was betrothed to his fourth wife Anne ofCleves from Germany. When she arrived from Germany, Henry found her ugly, downright repulsive and didnt want to marry her. He couldnt break the treaty he had with Cleves, so he went ahead with the wedding. Eventually Anne learned her husband wished to be rid of her. She was shrewd enough to know that her life was in danger so she cooperated with Henry and agreed to have their marriage annulled. Anne remained in England was given a large amount of money and land .She outlived Henry as was certainly the most fortunate of his wives. Twenty days after his marriage to Anne of Cleves ended Henry married wife number 5,Katherine Howard. Having thought Katherine was pretty, kind and unspoiled. But Katherine had secrets. She had several affairs, one with a man whom she promised to marry. This alone made her ineligible to marry the king. In time her secrets of infidelity were discovered and she was arrested. In 1542,Katherine Howard was beheaded. The following year Henry VIII married his sixth and final wife Katherine Parr. Katherine had been married twice, each marriage ending with the death of her husband. Henry

Essay on The African-American Odyssey

Essay on The African-American Odyssey Essay on The African-American Odyssey Essay on The African-American OdysseyThe 1920-1930s were the time of consistent changes in the life of the US society and African Americans in particular. This was the time of the fast urbanization that contributed to the growth of the urban population and growth of the African American population in American cities. The 1920s – 1930s were accompanied by the growing oppression of African Americans by means of Jim Crow’s laws which limited rights of African Americans and contributed to their segregation. In response to the oppression, African Americans moved to large cities and settled in their communities creating large African American communities (Hine 114). The urbanization and formation of large African American communities contributed to the rise of their role as the community that can take an active part in the political, social and economic life. The large urban communities became important actors in the life of large American cities and white Americans could not just oppress them because African Americans grew aware of their power in their unity (Weiner Knopf 169). In addition, the rise of the organized struggle of African Americans for their rights contributed to the enhancement of their position as a new power that policy makers have to take into consideration. As a result, in spite of Jim Crow’s laws, Africans still managed to organize their community and conduct the successful struggle for their rights. In actuality, this experience is still valuable because problems of the inner city are obvious (Hine, 201). Their resolution should start from African Americans because policy makers will not change their life, unless African Americans launch a large scale civil rights movement or any other form of the organized but legal struggle as was the case of half a century ago.

Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Final - Essay Example The report also contains the objectives of business according to the social, economical, technological and political factors influencing the business. The objective for the competitive position of the business is also defined. The report will also define the segments which need to be addressed by the Apollo group in order to enhance its business. Apollo Group headquartered in the US has a multinational network of institutes. The main aim of formation of the Apollo group was to cater the education needs of working adults. The group undertakes its business through subsidiaries. Listing few of them are: the University of Phoenix having its online campus also, the College for Financial Planning, and Western International University etc. The courses offered at the institutes are innovatively designed according to the needs of 21st century. Apollo Group experienced improved financial performance in 2008 having consolidated net income of $476.5 million, or $2.87 per diluted share, on consolidated revenue of $3.1 billion, a 15% increase. The degree enrolments reached at the record highest levels at 362,100 which were 12% more than 2007. The Group is progressing through its aggressive marketing techniques and continuous expenditure on research and development in the field of new teaching techniques. The group has gained accreditation with the prestigious Association of Collegiate Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP). SWOT or strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis is a technique used by business analysts to identify and analyze environmental factors that influence a business organization’s performance in a variety of ways, including its decision making and corporate behavior (Mello, 2003, p.40). â€Å"The Threats-Opportunities-Weaknesses-Strengths (TOWS) Matrix is an important matching tool that helps managers develops four types of strategies: So Strategies, WO strategies, ST Strategies, and WT Strategies. SWOT analysis enables the organization

Disadvantages of Performance-related Pay outweigh its Advantages Essay

Disadvantages of Performance-related Pay outweigh its Advantages - Essay Example Critics have analyzed performance-related pay differently, as many of the writers in various articles indicate that performance-related pay is a fruitful payment method due to which, there is more competition for positive working and people are more motivated towards effective task performance. On the other hand, there are also writers that have written articles negating the effectiveness of performance-related pay. According to the writers that are against the adoption of method of payment on the basis of basis, the payments are given to only those employees that are able to be close to the administration or management and that the pay is not given to them because of their effective working but on the basis of favouritism. Performance-related pay can have a positive as well as negative impact in various workplace environments. This paper discusses that performance related pay has many advantages but the disadvantages associated to it are overwhelming and devalue this mode of payment. The various forms of performance related pay are described after which, some authorial opinions are analyzed in terms of performance related pay and its effects. The advantages and disadvantages of performance related pay are analyzed and it is discussed that disadvantages outweigh advantages of performance related pay. In the end, the topic is concluded.

Energy Drinks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Energy Drinks - Essay Example Energy drinks contains caffeine which provides stamina and increases the physical performance to the consumers. In natural form, caffeine is a bitter tasting drug but most of the energy drinks are processed to cover the bitter taste. Caffeine is contained in drinks like chocolate, coffee, tea and many other soft drinks, it also found in many over the counter medications especially the painkillers. Caffeine is usually eliminated from the body very rapidly though its effects may last for about six hours. Caffeine and other ingredients of energy drinks stimulate the central nervous system thereby improving the metabolic reactions of the body, hence they are used recreationally and medically to restore mental awareness. When the central nervous system is stimulated, the brain tends to function faster due to improved flow of thought, increased alertness and better coordination of the body and in excess the effects flow to the spinal cord (Han et al 2007, 499). The energy drinks has several other ingredients that include taurine and glucuronolactone apart from caffeine. Taurine is a type of an amino acid that is found naturally in the human body and is a very important building block for proteins. Many people rely on energy drinks to replace the lost taurine, as in taurine is lost in times of stress in small amounts leading to some sort of deficiency (Craig & Stitzel 2008, 219). The taurine amino acids are believed to be antitoxic substances that cleanse the body of harmful substances. Glucuronolactone is carbohydrate metabolite that also occurs naturally in the body though it can be synthesized artificially, it provides instant energy boost since it's a carbohydrate formed from glucose catabolism and its also believed to cleanse the body of harmful substances. The body's homeostasis system is designed to maintain constancy in the body, upon consumption of caffeine; the body reacts to it to try and neutralize the effects of the caffeine through the process termed metabolism or catabolism to be precise. Caffeine is totally absorbed in the stomach and the small intestines within the first thirty minutes after ingestion. Following absorption, caffeine is metabolized into three compounds; theobromine, paraxanthine and theophyline with the latter constituting the smaller percentage while paraxanthine comprising the largest percentage about 84% (Craig & Stitzel 2008, 223). Metabolism takes place in the liver with the use of enzyme system called cytochrome P450 oxidase; paraxathine breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol in a process called lipolysis, theobromine is alkaloid that is also a vasodilator and therefore dilates blood vessels and hence increases urine formation, and thoephylline is a smooth muscle relaxant and a diuretic (Craig & Stitzel 2008, 226). The three compounds are further metabolized before excretion. For the body to get rid of the foreign particles in the body, caffeine and its by-products have to be eliminated and are usually excreted following the

Immediate Access Storage

Immediate Access Storage Primary storage is also known as Immediate Access Storage and is where data is stored on the main computer memory. An example of primary storage is RAM (Random Access Memory otherwise referred to as RWM (Read Write Memory). RAM is the memory chip stored within the computers motherboard, where data can be read, stored and edited. RAM is extremely fast and is where programs are usually installed, due to its ability to run programs quickly and more efficiently than Secondary storage facilities. Secondary storage is where software and some documents or spreadsheets are stored onto a hard drive or externally onto a device such as a disk, which is easily accessible when required, via any computer or laptop and easily transportable. This is a much slower form of storage but popularly used, as the computers CPU (Central Processing Unit) memory is limited in size and its storage capacity. The information is usually stored on CD ROM; external hard drives; flash memory or USB Pen drives. Secondary storage is permanent and only becomes obsolete in time (when it eventually wears out or is replaced by new and improved technology). Complex functions such as translators for high-level languages and operating systems are placed on ROM memory. (Comp Wisdom, 2006). The ROM memory chip is a viable permanent storage facility for manufacturers, as users are unable to overwrite the information stored on this device. Off-site data storage is non-volatile and is where information is stored at an other location away from the computer, which is accessible from a direct call or via the internet. Off-site data storage is beneficial as a backup if complications arise with the onsite computer system. (No-Moa Publishers, 2000) Table -Differences between Primary and Secondary Storage. (Integrated Publishing, 2010) Primary Secondary Volatile Temporary Non-Volatile Permanent Fast memory therefore expensive Slow memory therefore cheaper Smaller storage capacity (L2 Cache = 2MB) Larger storage capacity Closer to CPU or internal so faster Connects to the CPU so slower performance Examples PROM Programmable Read Only Memory, already programmed by the manufacturer, non-editable. Needs a device to burn to disk and if mistake made cannot be corrected. EPROM Electronically Programmable Read Only Memory. Holds data no power supply, electrically reprogrammed up to 100 times. Stores Calibration data in real time clocks. Other types: DRAM,SRAM, MRAM Other types: ROM cane be read but not overwritten Hard drive, CDs, DVDs, Flash Memory, Magnetic tapes, Offline storage, EEPROM. TE560_21 Figure Image of Primary and Secondary Storage. 2. Virtualization (or hypervisor) is similar to simulation where an identical copy of an operating system is made.Virtualization can be formed for various systems such as: Networks; Platforms; Applications; Desktops; servers and storage devices. This means that multiple virtual machines can be run on a single host (via virtualization),containing its own resources; operating systems and hardware, reducing the risk of software applications from causing complications with each other due to incompatibility errors or conflict. This functionality has also been developed for wireless technology including mobile phones. The benefit of mobile phones having this functionality is that the virtualized environmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦would be open to developers or open to the user to add and install applications to customize the phone as they wantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ without disrupting the carrier network.(Hazelton, Nov 2008) http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTFeUHVc-xcABcxrH8xDl7q3VWyYoBJL2cIMNNFsQtAB8ebnZIsFigure : Virtualization Image Blue Whale Web Inc, 2010 3. The Home Theater receiver, also referred to as an AV receiver or Surround Sound Receiver, is the heart of a home theater system and provides most, if not all, the inputs and outputs that you connect everything, including your television, into. An AV Receiver provides an easy and cost-effective way of centralizing your your home theater system. Part One discusses the audio factors to take into consideration.http://l.thumbs.canstockphoto.com/canstock4372770.jpg http://www.reevoo.com/decidewhattobuy/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/blu-ray-player.jpghttp://lh5.googleusercontent.com/public/EI_yegmdzg0GsCmGUSyDISl8zD_zZOtAolnYCF6vhX6-kF_MlIBrf8t7XoZLFT3ZJXnx5hIu2mGWXyKVUx1U7xmZEuEXKy2h3atdhqfASFF0xxwpiVuqc_tdn-OUstUeSy_y_MChmYzHM36-XmgODqD1-pTzfQaq8B08 http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/public/iz2Chel5cJXmTnGKs05sR57Qwpsu37fLsLQBaDB8ooEaPykOrG5Sa3k8luyBUldEEVxRdqIdM029Z9fmEfA157F7grt0H_Qlb5-EkHi2e8H8N18Dxm1BIF4NOPeKCeoK6K33CMeniNr9aTLn687u_qA http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTy3tuyNo0QIFkj8zWBJ17fRRIKkq2XWIy5sBlZJCucTuTGSMV1 http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQLIct0K0DjK9t8MWv_WXeB45gIxgH5nnUXuRI1LsDwVuvUugx53w http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6ejzL49EUDy6dyejZ4aLeoV7YWompLO-MEJ-n7ahkXJoIoaFOewhttp://www.4homecontrol.com/clip_image034.jpg 4. The cloud in network systems is an abstraction of the real system and itscomplex infrastructure. It hides the actual processes and network connections to the user such as servers, routers hubs, switches, cabling and storage (the points of entry and exits) that enable data processing.(Wiley Publishing Incoporated, 1998)The cloud represents the communications network such as network cables, which connect to various devices in order to communicate over short distances or over a large geographical area, similar to that of a telephone infrastructure. 5a. PDF known as Portable Document Formatis a system by which files can be displayed on various applications which is independent of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦software, hardware and operating systems which they originated from and the computer or printer from which the output originated.(Adobe Systems Incorporated, 2006, p. 33). PDF files have a sophisticated imaging model derived from PostScript page description language (Adobe Systems Incorporated, 2006)which has been redefined to incorporate binary format.PDF files contain universally accepted format of arrays; syntaxes; graphics; imagery and text containing specified instructions objects that allows outputto be consistent across un-similar devices. b. The format for storing, page layout and managing objects is compressed in PDF files via means of fixed, two-dimensional PostScript document.The advantages of using PDF files rather than HTML are:- Files can be encrypted and cannot be tampered with; can have a digital signature which can be for legal issues; images and information can be used as evidence in court, whereas HTML has no security controls. PDF have a low risk of being contaminated by a virus. A PDF file can be password encrypted. PDF reader software which is free of charge whereas HTML requires a Browser window. Font is embedded in a PDF file ensuring that layout and appearance remains intact, whereas HTML font and appearance is defined by the creator which can appear differently depending on browser functionality used. PDF is designed to take appearance of documentation into consideration, whereas HTML concentrates on structure. PDF files hold large data compared to that of HTML.(Adobe Systems Incorporated, 2006) c. PDF has a font embedded system allowing font programsto travel with the document, which are interpreted at the destination by the data structure, which is built into the application or by means of an external font file. This transfers the information into a character which is a graphical shape known as a glyph. The file compresses information which preserves data and maintains the integrity of the original document including its fonts and graphics. (Chuck Geschke, 2004, p. 24) d. A PDF contains 5 object types in relation to graphics, which are embedded into the file and transported with the document these being:- Path Text Inline Shading These objects define the position, orientation, size of text, graphics and bitmap imagery that appear on the page by means of appropriate shading, structure, syntax, colour fill and line strokes. The cleverly designed graphical parameters allow conversion and compression files to make certain discreet changes to the graphics without changing the surrounding environment.The filedetermines the imagery and displays it in the exact layout and position. This is known as the Cartesian co-ordinate system. (Adobe Incorporated, 2006) A vector (object) image is handled similarly, as paths are made up of lines called Bezier curves. (Adobe Systems Incorporated, 2006)The path object transfers these into paths that can be stroked and filled. The output format is then transferred with the file to cater for the imagery. e. There are a number of limitations that a PDF has on the end user these being:- Graphic recognition is time consuming to process documents containing Vector graphics Documents holding certain layouts like magazines and newspapers cannot be deciphered correctly. The documents are un-editable which could affect documents pertaining to lawyers, that require proofreading and alterations by the client. Due to new versions being released on a regular basis with new functionality, causes incompatibilities with documents created by earlier versions. Converting a PDF file back into a formatted word document asPDF does not recognise paragraphs, formatting, headers, footers, indentations, and line breaks. (PDF Tools, 2005) 6. A computer network is divided physically as well as logically. A collision domain (Ethernet segment) is where two or more devices are attempting to transmit packets of data at the same time and are usually contained within a broadcast domain. Devices that are attached to a hub or a switch are within a collision domain. Collision domains are usually divided by a switch or bridgesand use a collision -sensing protocol called CSMA/CD. The basic strategy for this protocol is it detects imminent collisions by abnormalities in the voltage, which occurs in the computer rejecting the corrupted frame (runt). (CISCO, 2006) A broadcast domain (Ethernet LAN) is a logical part of the network that emits data to another device.(Symatech, 2010) DOMAINS Figure This diagram shows the 2Broadcast domains in Green and the 5collision domains in Red. Table This table shows the ISO-OSI layers and the domains. Layer ISO-OSI Layers Whats processed Domain Devices 7 Application Layer Ports, sockets Interaction 6 Presentation Layer Format, encoding Translation 5 Session Layer Messages, communication Controls Dialogue 4 Transport Layer TCP segment Data transfer 3 Network Layer IP Packet, IP Address Broadcast domains. Layer 3 devices stop the flow of broadcast domains IP address, Router, level 3 switch 2 Data Link Layer Frame, Interface cards, adapters Single separated Collision, one single broadcast domain also created. Layer two network devices can divide collision domains. Switches, Bridges 1 Physical Layer Bit Stream Single Broadcast and Collision HUB, Repeaters 7. Von Neumanns architecture comprises of the four main components,see diagram below. This is used in current computers lay the foundation to what is known as the Little Man Computer'(Englander, 2010)the essential criteria for this architecture is the memory which has a stored program concept (Englander, 2010) which allows the programs to be edited. It stores the address in a sequenced address order which has its own memory slot and traced by unique location number. Memory- consists of RAM to store programs and data Control unit is used to fetch information from memory and decodes it and performs operations to complete the task Arithmetic unit performs mathematical calculations Input/output is the interface with the human operator Figure diagram of Von Neumanns Computer Architecture http://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/parallel_comp An example of entering and adding two numbers is as follows: Take first number and input (the number is now stored in the calculator) store the number (this is stored in memory slot and number is left on calculator) -Input second number (2nd number replace first in calculator) Add first number to second (fetch 1st number from stored address location and add to number in calculator) Display/output result 8. 32 bitswide or 4 Bytes can address 4Gigabytes of memory = 4 (232 = 4,294,967,296). AMD introduced the first 32 bit flash memory device on 5th August 2001 which would allow systems to run 8 x faster than those using standard flash memory. (Advanced Micro Devices Incorporated, 2010). 9. Volatile memory is a term derived from the Latin word volatilis which translated means to fly. This terminology is applied to something that is unpredictable; subject to change; unstable or hostile. The RAM (Random Access Memory) in a computer istemporary (volatile storage), as the information stored is obliterated when the power is either switched off or interrupted, as power is required to retain information stored on the machines memory. Non Volatile memory (NVRAM) is not deleted when the connection between the memory and the CPU (Central Processing Unit) is lost. Devices such as memory disksor hard disk drivesstore informationpermanently untilit is no longer required by the user. RAM, DRAM, SRAM are all forms of volatile memory and ROM and Flash memory are non-volatile forms of memory. Flash memory is widely used in the Automobile manufacturing industries, for car applications to work efficiently. Some cars contain MCUs chips (Microcontrollers), where program functionality are stored using non-volatile memory on the MCU, allowingcar functionality to work correctly such as Cruise control, air bag safety mechanism, engine controls and temperatures.(International Engineering Consortium, 2006)It could be crucial if this information plus vital safety checks were erased every time avehicle is switched off! 10. Figure Data Flow Diagram showing Mixed number in a base other than 10 converted to a Decimal. (Englander, Number Systems, 2010) Display Answer Display Integer and Decimal parts together Convert Fractional Part to base 10 Convert Integer part to decimal Split into Integer number and Fractional parts Start with Mixed number Mixed Number = whole number + fraction Another way to convert a mixed number into a decimal is as follows:- Answer = 2.88 Round answer to two decimal places 2.875 23/8 To get Decimal Divide numerator by denominator Rewrite improper fraction with numerator on top 8 x 2 x 7 Turn mixed number into improper fraction 2 7/8 Start with Mixed number Mixed Number = whole number + fraction

John Lennon :: essays research papers fc

John Lennon   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  October 9, 1940, John Lennon is born into a dysfunctional family in Liverpool, England. After John’s father left him, his mother left him to stay with his Aunt Mimi. At a young age John started writing short stories. The young John Lennon was always a leader. John had his own little gang as a child in England. Nigel Whalley, a friend of John’s, said,† John was always a leader. He was the one to dare you. He never cared what he said or did.†(Corbin13). John and his friends were troublemakers; however, the only people to ever get in trouble were John’s friends and not John. Even though John Lennon died at a young age, he inspired people through his music with the Beatles, his solo career, and through his death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John’s music career began with the look. John wore tight jeans, a leather jacket, and his hair was slicked back (the â€Å"greaser† look). John idolized Elvis and Buddy Holly and the Crickets. After John begged his aunt to buy him a guitar, the first song he learned how to play was Buddy Holly’s â€Å"That’ll be the Day.† John then decided to organize his own band. He gathered up people from his â€Å"gang† in grammar school: best friend Pete Shotten, washboard; Nigel Whalley, tea-chest; Ivan Vaughan, tea-chest; Eric Griffith, guitar; Colin Hanton, drums; and Rod Davis, banjo. As the leader of the band, and the only person with any musical talent, John played lead guitar. The band, Quarrymen, was named after the school they attended. The band had a positive affect on john; he wasn’t getting in any trouble. If John were to get into trouble the band wouldn’t be able to play at school events, dances, parties, or weddings. They played popular rock ‘n’ roll songs like â€Å"Blue Suede Shoes.† John did not like to memorize the words to songs, so he often made up his own lyrics as he was going along.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A double affect of inspiration happened when Ian Vaughan introduced John to Paul McCatrney. John was impressed by Paul and he even admitted that Paul was as good at the guitar as he was. However, John wanted to be a leader and if Paul joined his band he would have to share his leadership. Then John, a few weeks later, came to his senses and asked John to join the band. Pete left the band after John smashed the washboard over his head; however, they still remained friends. Paul started writing songs and this made John jealous. This was probably a good thing, because then John started writing songs.Then they started collaborating songs and they credited them to â€Å"Lennon/McCarthy.

Nestle Case Study

NESTLE CASE STUDY With reference to the Nestle case study, provide one example which clearly illustrates a link between topics or concepts drawn from at least two pre-requisite modules. The Nestle case study provides a number of examples which illustrate links between Strategic management, Methods of Enquiry and Accounting for decision making concepts. Nestle is one of the oldest of all multinational business. Nowadays, Nestle is one of the biggest food and nutrition companies in 86 countries in the world. Hill, 2009 pp). Nestle was involved with a range of acquisitions in the last years in order to extend its line of products and try to expand on a geographical scale. Since its sales are reducing in developed markets, Nestle has the opportunity to expand business in up and coming countries, which is going to generate more profit for the company. Up and coming countries is one sector that Nestle is going to invest money in because it has the potential to be a strong and attractive ma rket.Nestle feels confident in doing so because in such countries population economy and technology has experienced a rapid growth. (Datamonitor, 2006). Nestles long-term strategy is to identify the quickly expanding countries first and get into the market as soon as possible in order to take advantage of other competitors. However, it first has to hold the leading position in the developed markets where it is currently placed. Also Nestle has to hire local managers and staff in the developing markets that understand the local market dynamic and culture.As explained above there is a link between Nestle’s strategy and the Strategic management, because companies employ managers from respective countries in the local companies due to the fact that they understand the local market dynamics. By hiring local manager they can take advantage of the local knowledge and own culture of the country. FIGURE 1 Figure 1 Source: Own diagram It is a huge advantage that Nestle works with local managers in fast rising emerging countries. As a result, Nestle will have quick results which lead to quick profits.As we can see in FIGURE 1 above, Nestle is closely related to the Strategic management module because companies will have a range of research(reports) on fast growing countries. Therefore, they will have the ability to balance the services they are able to provide (food, cereals, coffee, chocolate, drinks, ice cream, etc) (Nestle 2011), with the price that customers are willing to pay. For example, if people cannot afford the Nestle products then they will not expand in such countries but focus their attention and invest in countries where people are able to buy their products.Also, Nestle is connected with methods of enquiry with Emerging markets. Companies will have less space to roam around and make decision considering that much of their movements are controlled by the market reaction. This means that emerging markets are countries with social or business activiti es in the process of rapid growth and industrialization. The Nestle case study as clearly explained above illustrates a good link with the Strategic Management/Methods of Enquiry and the Market dynamic/Emerging markets respectively. Does it make sense for Nestle to focus its growth efforts on emerging markets? Why?The recent financial crisis that reverberated throughout the globe was a clear indicator of the interdependence and the codependence that globalization has created while simultaneously making it clear to everyone that the emerging economies, especially those that make up BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) are more resilient than western economies, thus making them engines of growth that have helped the recovery effort in the last few years. Therefore from that point of view alone it can be stated that yes, Nestle’s strategy to focus its growth efforts in developing or emerging markets is indeed a sound one.However this does not mean that the ability of these mar kets to recover faster than the western economies should bebe sole reason for such a decision. Rather there are many more and varying reasons that need to be taken into consideration. The onset of globalization for one thing has helped uplift the living standards of many in China and India and millions of families have climbed out of poverty and are able to aspire to better life styles and a better standard of living, thus creating new markets companies like Nestle (Latshaw and Choi, 2002, pp. 7). Next as has been stated in the case study, the number of individuals who can be considered as middle class in these two economies alone will exceed 700 million in the coming decade, which is more than the entire population of 500 million in the European region or the 300 million in the United States, thus making this a very lucrative market for Nestle and one that needs to be exploited with immediate effect (Crook, Bratton, Street & Ketchen, 2006, pp. 09 – 412). Besides the above Ne stle as a multi national company has a decentralised structure and has often emphasised the need for attracting, recruiting and selecting host country nationals to be employed in its’ manufacturing plants across the world and this again is a very strategic and wise decision (Cesnovar, 2006, pp. 227 – 229).By decreasing unemployment rates, being socially responsible corporate citizen and helping to uplift the standard of living in these regions of the world, the company is earning the respect of the population, which can soon be converted to public relations win, thus it can be stated that this strategy makes immense sense at the present time (Mclean, 2006, pp. 36).Last but not least it should also be stated that by gaining ‘first mover advantage’ of providing basic food stuffs through which brand loyalty is created the company stands to gain much as most consumers will not switch to other brands but rather decide to stick with the trusted brand even when t hey are ready to move to the more upscale and upmarket products that are provided by the company (Gratton, Hailey, Stiles & Truss, 1999).Therefore it can be stated that from every point of view, whether it is as a consumer products manufacturer or an employer, Nestle stands to gain much through this growth strategy of focusing on emerging markets. What is the company's strategy with regard to business development in emerging markets- Does this strategy make sense- From an organizational perspective, what is required for this strategy to work effectively?As is clear from the information that has been provided in the case study, Nestle uses a variety of different strategies to develop its business activities and markets in the emerging markets. While many maybe of the opinion that only one or two strategies should be used in order to ensure that synergies of scale are gained and that there is consistency across the operations, such a customization of strategy to meet the specific need s of an economy is highly commendable (Marshall, Smith & Buxton, 2009, pp. 4 – 18). For instance in countries like India and China, Nestle has entered the market by providing low cost brand name basic food stuff like condensed milk and infant formula, in doing so the company has also located its manufacturing plants within the countries and the regions, employed host country nationals and helped uplift their living standards.Thus not only has the company provided them with a livelihood by employing them and purchasing local produce from local farmers and businessman, but in doing so has also created loyalty to its brand, which is something priceless (Karake-Shalhoub, 1999). As the living standards and the income levels of these individuals and entrepreneurs increase, they will no doubt continue to be loyal to the Nestle brand and purchase the more upscale and products that are sold by the company, when they are ready to move from basic food stuffs to more branded and upscale foods stuffs like cookies and chocolate.Likewise another strategy that is being used by the company is to enter markets like Nigeria and China and invest in basic infrastructure to ensure smooth distribution channels, while many may see this as a waste, in the long run, the company has gained a strong foothold in the marketplace, created job opportunities and further increased the visibility of its brand nd thus increased entry barriers for the competition (Sims, 2003), thus it can be stated that this is indeed a very good business development strategy that is being followed by the company at the present time. From an organisational perspective for an a strategy to work effectively it is necessary to ensure that the strategy is developed in such a manner that it would fit the market needs and help the company to gain a comparative advantage (Oladunjoye & Onyeaso, 2007, pp. 92 – 598). Based on everything that has been stated above and the manner in which Nestle’s is cur rently operating in China, India, Africa, the Middle East and Eastern Europe, it is clear that the company has adopted many different successful strategies that are helping it to gain a competitive edge in these markets while continuing to benefit from the ‘first mover’ advantage that it has created for itself. Through research on NESTLE, identify appropriate performance indicators.Once you have gathered relevant data on these, undertake a performance analysis of the company over the last five years. What does the analysis tell you about the success or otherwise of the strategy adopted by the company? An analysis of Nestle’s performance indicates that the Company has been able to improve its performance over the years. The sales of the Company reached a record of US $73 billion, and growth in profits was 20. 7% in 2005. In 2005, Europe amounted to 30% of sales, Americas 34%, and Asia, Oceania and Africa 17% of the sales.Nestle is aware that it need to adjust its offering if it is to reach its target of 5-6% growth per year. (Country Monitor, 2006). Public Image – In a world that is becoming increasingly complex, consumer needs and wants continue to become more sophisticated on a daily basis. Unlike in the past when companies could simply mass produce and sell products to the end user, today, consumers are demanding more not only in terms of pricing and quality but also in terms of corporate social responsibility.Therefore it is necessary for Nestle to continuously monitor and manage its public image and it is also very important from a strategic perspective that the company is seen as a socially responsible corporate citizen (Niederhut-Bollmann & Theuvsen, 2008, 63 – 68). Compared to many other multi national companies, Nestle’s has not earned the public ire for being irresponsible socially, however as the global slave trade for chocolate manufacturers comes to light it is essential that Nestle’s looks at ways an d means to ensure that it is not ensnared in such a public relations nightmare.Sales Growth – This is a very important performance indicators and should give the company a sense of its successes and failures in terms of strategy. Currently the company has been doing very well on this front and should carefully monitor the external and the internal environments for any factors that may pose a threat to its continued success in this area (Roberts, 2001, pp, 25 – 28). Following a growth strategy in emerging markets is actually a very good strategy that has paid off and continues to pay off, however this does not mean that the company can afford to be laid back on this score.Market Share – By gaining ‘first mover advantage’ the company has been able to gain and retain its market share through the years, however it is also necessary that the company continues to learn from its past mistakes in Japan and other countries, where it did not take the competit ion seriously and therefore has lost much in terms of market share that it could otherwise have gained (Odagiri, 1992).Blue Ocean Strategies – As markets continue to mature and other markets continue to develop it is imperative that the company focuses its attention on research and development and creates ‘blue oceans’ in order to find new markets (Gubman, 2004, pp. 13). This is something that Nestle is currently lagging at and needs to pay particular attention to with immediate effect.Based on everything that has been stated above it is therefore clear that while the company does excel in areas such as managing its public image and sales growth, there is much more improvement needed to be made in the search for innovative market strategies that will help force it to success in the future. How would you describe Nestle's strategic posture at the corporate level; is it pursuing a global strategy, a multidomestic strategy an international strategy or a transnationa l strategy? Figure 2 – Which Structure to Choose? Source: http://www. wiziq. com/tutorial/380-International-StrategyIllustrated above is a depiction of the different corporate level strategies that can be adopted by multi national companies the world over. Such strategy is often chosen on the degree of need for global integration and local market responsiveness (Kaplan and Norton, 2001, pp. 87). Based on the information that has been provided in the case study it is clear that Nestle is a company that need to gain a high level of local market responsiveness due to the variety of different business development related strategies that is pursuing in different parts of the world.For instance while in the Middle East it has entered the markets by building five different lines of products that it hopes will be distributed across the region as trade barriers fall, in countries like China and India, it is pursuing a different strategy of meeting the basic food needs of the populatio n with items such as infant formula and condensed milk. It is the intention of the company in these markets that once standards of living increase, they can leave these Niche markets and provide consumers with more upscale and upmarket products like chocolates and cookies.Further it can also be stated that as a company with only 1% of its revenue being earned in the home country and 8000 different brands, global integration is a must (Lowson, 2002). Therefore it is the opinion of the writer that Nestle need to choose between the multi domestic strategy and a transnational strategy and not swing from one to another, because doing so would only result in the company loosing focus of its final aim, which is to be a global consumer food products leader (George, 2007, pp. 6 – 71). Based on the information that has been provided in the case study it is the opinion of the writer that Nestle’s should choose a transnational strategy because it balances both the global integrati on needs of the company and the local market responsiveness that is necessary to ensure that the company’s products will be competitive and continue to meet the needs of the local population in the emerging markets that it is operating in (Marks, 2005, pp. 1).While many maybe of the opinion that the company should continue to pursue its multi domestic strategy as it has worked well for it in the past, the changing needs of the global environment and the development taking place in the emerging markets make it necessary to gain synergies of scale and global integration for the many brands that it has under its belt and therefore a transnational strategy is the best option for Nestle’s in the future (Barney and Hesterly, 2008).Does this overall strategic posture make sense given the markets and countries that Nestle participates in? Why? The overall strategic posture of Nestle makes a lot of sense given the fact that it is operating in virtually every country in the worl d, with a huge presence in the emerging markets. According to Hill (2006), that multidomestic strategy is appropriate in a market where the pressures for local responsiveness is very high and as a results the pressures for the cost reduction is low.Especially, pressures for local responsiveness can be very high in some productions, such as food, chocolates, dairy nutrition and etc. From the time when consumers have many national differences in tastes and preferences, distribution channels, competitive conditions, business practices, culture and government policies in the markets in which Nestle operates, therefore following a multidomestic strategy is beneficial for the Company.The difference in cultures and purchasing power (Prahalad et al, 1998) in the middle class population in emerging markets imply that in order for a first mover to gain advantage, it must be willing to adapt its product and offer in accordance with the needs of the local market. Figure 3 Source: http://www. do cstoc. com/docs/5632428/Ethnocentric-Polycentric-Geocentric-Diagr ams As stated in the previous section the overall strategy that is currently being followed by Nestle’s is one that focuses on local market responsiveness over global integration, which in effect results in a multi domestic strategy (Shackman, 2007, pp. 79 – 488). It is no doubt however that such a strategy has indeed helped the company to gain the level of success that it currently enjoys in emerging markets, and therefore can be considered as good. However we should always remember that strategies should promise equal or more success in the future as they do for the company today (Cabrera and Cabrera, 2003, pp. 41) and therefore reviewing the strategy from such an angle would work to the benefit of the company in the long run.The company currently follows a regiocentric attitude as is clear from the illustrations above, while it can be reiterated that this type of structure and strategy works to the ad vantage of the company, in the long run as the emerging markets being to mature and the company continues on its mergers and acquisitions strategies to enter new markets in Eastern Europe, it will become essential that the company gains some level of global synergy and integration (Mcwilliams, Van Fleet, & Wright, 2001, pp. 1).Therefore it is the recommendation of the writer that the company begins to embark on a transnational strategy with a Geocentric attitude, which will eventually help it to have a more global view with flexibility to make necessary changes at local level whenever and as frequently as needed (Donaldson & O'Toole, 2002). Therefore in conclusion it can be stated that even though the current strategic posture makes sense, it needs to be reviewed and modified if the company is to continue to penetrate, gain and retain market share in the emerging economies as well as the developed economies the world over (Mockler, 1999).Is Nestle's management structure and philosop hy aligned with its overall strategic posture? The overall structure and the strategy of the company as stated previously and has been made clear to the reader throughout the case study, is that the company pursues a multi domestic strategy, due to the need to have a high responsiveness to the local market needs (Drejer, 2002).While this is impressive, the company goes further to also ensure that it is staffed by local nationals in the host countries and that power and authority is decentralised as much as possible, again indicating that the management structure is indeed very much aligned to its philosophy of local autonomy and its multi domestic strategy (Silverman, 2002).However instead of relying on the local managers alone, the company also has a pool of at least 700 expatriate managers who travel from one country to another ensuring that the local and regional strategies of the company are upheld and global integration is a possibility (Mintzberg & Rose, 2003, pp. 70 – 277), while this may sound like a sound and often a wise move on the part of the company, the fact that none of the regional international managers get involved in local level stratey design and the fact that none of the local level managers are involved in the global strategy design and development leaves a disconnect that can cost the company dearly in the long run and therefore it is necessary to take a close look at the integration of both and make changes wherever necessary (Betz, 2001).Based on everything that has been stated above, it is therefore the opinion of the writer that greater global integration is necessary as the company moves forward and hopes to retain its place as a market leader by gaining large shares of the market in emerging economies, which it has strived hard to build over the last few decades. In effect it is therefore necessary to ensure that there is high levels of global integration and simultaneously ensure that there is high levels of local market re sponsiveness as well (Lefkowith, 2001, pp. 20).As stated previously this is only possible if the company follows a transnational strategy and this strategy and philosophy should be made a possibility by changing the current management structure within the company to one that allows for regional managers to gain an understanding of local issues and challenges and vice versa. This will help the company to align its goals and objectives both on an international local level and thus be more integrated in both spheres. Read more: http://www. ukessays. com/essays/marketing/nestle-case-study-assinemnt-marketin Nestle Case Study NESTLE CASE STUDY With reference to the Nestle case study, provide one example which clearly illustrates a link between topics or concepts drawn from at least two pre-requisite modules. The Nestle case study provides a number of examples which illustrate links between Strategic management, Methods of Enquiry and Accounting for decision making concepts. Nestle is one of the oldest of all multinational business. Nowadays, Nestle is one of the biggest food and nutrition companies in 86 countries in the world. Hill, 2009 pp). Nestle was involved with a range of acquisitions in the last years in order to extend its line of products and try to expand on a geographical scale. Since its sales are reducing in developed markets, Nestle has the opportunity to expand business in up and coming countries, which is going to generate more profit for the company. Up and coming countries is one sector that Nestle is going to invest money in because it has the potential to be a strong and attractive ma rket.Nestle feels confident in doing so because in such countries population economy and technology has experienced a rapid growth. (Datamonitor, 2006). Nestles long-term strategy is to identify the quickly expanding countries first and get into the market as soon as possible in order to take advantage of other competitors. However, it first has to hold the leading position in the developed markets where it is currently placed. Also Nestle has to hire local managers and staff in the developing markets that understand the local market dynamic and culture.As explained above there is a link between Nestle’s strategy and the Strategic management, because companies employ managers from respective countries in the local companies due to the fact that they understand the local market dynamics. By hiring local manager they can take advantage of the local knowledge and own culture of the country. FIGURE 1 Figure 1 Source: Own diagram It is a huge advantage that Nestle works with local managers in fast rising emerging countries. As a result, Nestle will have quick results which lead to quick profits.As we can see in FIGURE 1 above, Nestle is closely related to the Strategic management module because companies will have a range of research(reports) on fast growing countries. Therefore, they will have the ability to balance the services they are able to provide (food, cereals, coffee, chocolate, drinks, ice cream, etc) (Nestle 2011), with the price that customers are willing to pay. For example, if people cannot afford the Nestle products then they will not expand in such countries but focus their attention and invest in countries where people are able to buy their products.Also, Nestle is connected with methods of enquiry with Emerging markets. Companies will have less space to roam around and make decision considering that much of their movements are controlled by the market reaction. This means that emerging markets are countries with social or business activiti es in the process of rapid growth and industrialization. The Nestle case study as clearly explained above illustrates a good link with the Strategic Management/Methods of Enquiry and the Market dynamic/Emerging markets respectively. Does it make sense for Nestle to focus its growth efforts on emerging markets? Why?The recent financial crisis that reverberated throughout the globe was a clear indicator of the interdependence and the codependence that globalization has created while simultaneously making it clear to everyone that the emerging economies, especially those that make up BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) are more resilient than western economies, thus making them engines of growth that have helped the recovery effort in the last few years. Therefore from that point of view alone it can be stated that yes, Nestle’s strategy to focus its growth efforts in developing or emerging markets is indeed a sound one.However this does not mean that the ability of these mar kets to recover faster than the western economies should bebe sole reason for such a decision. Rather there are many more and varying reasons that need to be taken into consideration. The onset of globalization for one thing has helped uplift the living standards of many in China and India and millions of families have climbed out of poverty and are able to aspire to better life styles and a better standard of living, thus creating new markets companies like Nestle (Latshaw and Choi, 2002, pp. 7). Next as has been stated in the case study, the number of individuals who can be considered as middle class in these two economies alone will exceed 700 million in the coming decade, which is more than the entire population of 500 million in the European region or the 300 million in the United States, thus making this a very lucrative market for Nestle and one that needs to be exploited with immediate effect (Crook, Bratton, Street & Ketchen, 2006, pp. 09 – 412). Besides the above Ne stle as a multi national company has a decentralised structure and has often emphasised the need for attracting, recruiting and selecting host country nationals to be employed in its’ manufacturing plants across the world and this again is a very strategic and wise decision (Cesnovar, 2006, pp. 227 – 229).By decreasing unemployment rates, being socially responsible corporate citizen and helping to uplift the standard of living in these regions of the world, the company is earning the respect of the population, which can soon be converted to public relations win, thus it can be stated that this strategy makes immense sense at the present time (Mclean, 2006, pp. 36).Last but not least it should also be stated that by gaining ‘first mover advantage’ of providing basic food stuffs through which brand loyalty is created the company stands to gain much as most consumers will not switch to other brands but rather decide to stick with the trusted brand even when t hey are ready to move to the more upscale and upmarket products that are provided by the company (Gratton, Hailey, Stiles & Truss, 1999).Therefore it can be stated that from every point of view, whether it is as a consumer products manufacturer or an employer, Nestle stands to gain much through this growth strategy of focusing on emerging markets. What is the company's strategy with regard to business development in emerging markets- Does this strategy make sense- From an organizational perspective, what is required for this strategy to work effectively?As is clear from the information that has been provided in the case study, Nestle uses a variety of different strategies to develop its business activities and markets in the emerging markets. While many maybe of the opinion that only one or two strategies should be used in order to ensure that synergies of scale are gained and that there is consistency across the operations, such a customization of strategy to meet the specific need s of an economy is highly commendable (Marshall, Smith & Buxton, 2009, pp. 4 – 18). For instance in countries like India and China, Nestle has entered the market by providing low cost brand name basic food stuff like condensed milk and infant formula, in doing so the company has also located its manufacturing plants within the countries and the regions, employed host country nationals and helped uplift their living standards.Thus not only has the company provided them with a livelihood by employing them and purchasing local produce from local farmers and businessman, but in doing so has also created loyalty to its brand, which is something priceless (Karake-Shalhoub, 1999). As the living standards and the income levels of these individuals and entrepreneurs increase, they will no doubt continue to be loyal to the Nestle brand and purchase the more upscale and products that are sold by the company, when they are ready to move from basic food stuffs to more branded and upscale foods stuffs like cookies and chocolate.Likewise another strategy that is being used by the company is to enter markets like Nigeria and China and invest in basic infrastructure to ensure smooth distribution channels, while many may see this as a waste, in the long run, the company has gained a strong foothold in the marketplace, created job opportunities and further increased the visibility of its brand nd thus increased entry barriers for the competition (Sims, 2003), thus it can be stated that this is indeed a very good business development strategy that is being followed by the company at the present time. From an organisational perspective for an a strategy to work effectively it is necessary to ensure that the strategy is developed in such a manner that it would fit the market needs and help the company to gain a comparative advantage (Oladunjoye & Onyeaso, 2007, pp. 92 – 598). Based on everything that has been stated above and the manner in which Nestle’s is cur rently operating in China, India, Africa, the Middle East and Eastern Europe, it is clear that the company has adopted many different successful strategies that are helping it to gain a competitive edge in these markets while continuing to benefit from the ‘first mover’ advantage that it has created for itself. Through research on NESTLE, identify appropriate performance indicators.Once you have gathered relevant data on these, undertake a performance analysis of the company over the last five years. What does the analysis tell you about the success or otherwise of the strategy adopted by the company? An analysis of Nestle’s performance indicates that the Company has been able to improve its performance over the years. The sales of the Company reached a record of US $73 billion, and growth in profits was 20. 7% in 2005. In 2005, Europe amounted to 30% of sales, Americas 34%, and Asia, Oceania and Africa 17% of the sales.Nestle is aware that it need to adjust its offering if it is to reach its target of 5-6% growth per year. (Country Monitor, 2006). Public Image – In a world that is becoming increasingly complex, consumer needs and wants continue to become more sophisticated on a daily basis. Unlike in the past when companies could simply mass produce and sell products to the end user, today, consumers are demanding more not only in terms of pricing and quality but also in terms of corporate social responsibility.Therefore it is necessary for Nestle to continuously monitor and manage its public image and it is also very important from a strategic perspective that the company is seen as a socially responsible corporate citizen (Niederhut-Bollmann & Theuvsen, 2008, 63 – 68). Compared to many other multi national companies, Nestle’s has not earned the public ire for being irresponsible socially, however as the global slave trade for chocolate manufacturers comes to light it is essential that Nestle’s looks at ways an d means to ensure that it is not ensnared in such a public relations nightmare.Sales Growth – This is a very important performance indicators and should give the company a sense of its successes and failures in terms of strategy. Currently the company has been doing very well on this front and should carefully monitor the external and the internal environments for any factors that may pose a threat to its continued success in this area (Roberts, 2001, pp, 25 – 28). Following a growth strategy in emerging markets is actually a very good strategy that has paid off and continues to pay off, however this does not mean that the company can afford to be laid back on this score.Market Share – By gaining ‘first mover advantage’ the company has been able to gain and retain its market share through the years, however it is also necessary that the company continues to learn from its past mistakes in Japan and other countries, where it did not take the competit ion seriously and therefore has lost much in terms of market share that it could otherwise have gained (Odagiri, 1992).Blue Ocean Strategies – As markets continue to mature and other markets continue to develop it is imperative that the company focuses its attention on research and development and creates ‘blue oceans’ in order to find new markets (Gubman, 2004, pp. 13). This is something that Nestle is currently lagging at and needs to pay particular attention to with immediate effect.Based on everything that has been stated above it is therefore clear that while the company does excel in areas such as managing its public image and sales growth, there is much more improvement needed to be made in the search for innovative market strategies that will help force it to success in the future. How would you describe Nestle's strategic posture at the corporate level; is it pursuing a global strategy, a multidomestic strategy an international strategy or a transnationa l strategy? Figure 2 – Which Structure to Choose? Source: http://www. wiziq. com/tutorial/380-International-StrategyIllustrated above is a depiction of the different corporate level strategies that can be adopted by multi national companies the world over. Such strategy is often chosen on the degree of need for global integration and local market responsiveness (Kaplan and Norton, 2001, pp. 87). Based on the information that has been provided in the case study it is clear that Nestle is a company that need to gain a high level of local market responsiveness due to the variety of different business development related strategies that is pursuing in different parts of the world.For instance while in the Middle East it has entered the markets by building five different lines of products that it hopes will be distributed across the region as trade barriers fall, in countries like China and India, it is pursuing a different strategy of meeting the basic food needs of the populatio n with items such as infant formula and condensed milk. It is the intention of the company in these markets that once standards of living increase, they can leave these Niche markets and provide consumers with more upscale and upmarket products like chocolates and cookies.Further it can also be stated that as a company with only 1% of its revenue being earned in the home country and 8000 different brands, global integration is a must (Lowson, 2002). Therefore it is the opinion of the writer that Nestle need to choose between the multi domestic strategy and a transnational strategy and not swing from one to another, because doing so would only result in the company loosing focus of its final aim, which is to be a global consumer food products leader (George, 2007, pp. 6 – 71). Based on the information that has been provided in the case study it is the opinion of the writer that Nestle’s should choose a transnational strategy because it balances both the global integrati on needs of the company and the local market responsiveness that is necessary to ensure that the company’s products will be competitive and continue to meet the needs of the local population in the emerging markets that it is operating in (Marks, 2005, pp. 1).While many maybe of the opinion that the company should continue to pursue its multi domestic strategy as it has worked well for it in the past, the changing needs of the global environment and the development taking place in the emerging markets make it necessary to gain synergies of scale and global integration for the many brands that it has under its belt and therefore a transnational strategy is the best option for Nestle’s in the future (Barney and Hesterly, 2008).Does this overall strategic posture make sense given the markets and countries that Nestle participates in? Why? The overall strategic posture of Nestle makes a lot of sense given the fact that it is operating in virtually every country in the worl d, with a huge presence in the emerging markets. According to Hill (2006), that multidomestic strategy is appropriate in a market where the pressures for local responsiveness is very high and as a results the pressures for the cost reduction is low.Especially, pressures for local responsiveness can be very high in some productions, such as food, chocolates, dairy nutrition and etc. From the time when consumers have many national differences in tastes and preferences, distribution channels, competitive conditions, business practices, culture and government policies in the markets in which Nestle operates, therefore following a multidomestic strategy is beneficial for the Company.The difference in cultures and purchasing power (Prahalad et al, 1998) in the middle class population in emerging markets imply that in order for a first mover to gain advantage, it must be willing to adapt its product and offer in accordance with the needs of the local market. Figure 3 Source: http://www. do cstoc. com/docs/5632428/Ethnocentric-Polycentric-Geocentric-Diagr ams As stated in the previous section the overall strategy that is currently being followed by Nestle’s is one that focuses on local market responsiveness over global integration, which in effect results in a multi domestic strategy (Shackman, 2007, pp. 79 – 488). It is no doubt however that such a strategy has indeed helped the company to gain the level of success that it currently enjoys in emerging markets, and therefore can be considered as good. However we should always remember that strategies should promise equal or more success in the future as they do for the company today (Cabrera and Cabrera, 2003, pp. 41) and therefore reviewing the strategy from such an angle would work to the benefit of the company in the long run.The company currently follows a regiocentric attitude as is clear from the illustrations above, while it can be reiterated that this type of structure and strategy works to the ad vantage of the company, in the long run as the emerging markets being to mature and the company continues on its mergers and acquisitions strategies to enter new markets in Eastern Europe, it will become essential that the company gains some level of global synergy and integration (Mcwilliams, Van Fleet, & Wright, 2001, pp. 1).Therefore it is the recommendation of the writer that the company begins to embark on a transnational strategy with a Geocentric attitude, which will eventually help it to have a more global view with flexibility to make necessary changes at local level whenever and as frequently as needed (Donaldson & O'Toole, 2002). Therefore in conclusion it can be stated that even though the current strategic posture makes sense, it needs to be reviewed and modified if the company is to continue to penetrate, gain and retain market share in the emerging economies as well as the developed economies the world over (Mockler, 1999).Is Nestle's management structure and philosop hy aligned with its overall strategic posture? The overall structure and the strategy of the company as stated previously and has been made clear to the reader throughout the case study, is that the company pursues a multi domestic strategy, due to the need to have a high responsiveness to the local market needs (Drejer, 2002).While this is impressive, the company goes further to also ensure that it is staffed by local nationals in the host countries and that power and authority is decentralised as much as possible, again indicating that the management structure is indeed very much aligned to its philosophy of local autonomy and its multi domestic strategy (Silverman, 2002).However instead of relying on the local managers alone, the company also has a pool of at least 700 expatriate managers who travel from one country to another ensuring that the local and regional strategies of the company are upheld and global integration is a possibility (Mintzberg & Rose, 2003, pp. 70 – 277), while this may sound like a sound and often a wise move on the part of the company, the fact that none of the regional international managers get involved in local level stratey design and the fact that none of the local level managers are involved in the global strategy design and development leaves a disconnect that can cost the company dearly in the long run and therefore it is necessary to take a close look at the integration of both and make changes wherever necessary (Betz, 2001).Based on everything that has been stated above, it is therefore the opinion of the writer that greater global integration is necessary as the company moves forward and hopes to retain its place as a market leader by gaining large shares of the market in emerging economies, which it has strived hard to build over the last few decades. In effect it is therefore necessary to ensure that there is high levels of global integration and simultaneously ensure that there is high levels of local market re sponsiveness as well (Lefkowith, 2001, pp. 20).As stated previously this is only possible if the company follows a transnational strategy and this strategy and philosophy should be made a possibility by changing the current management structure within the company to one that allows for regional managers to gain an understanding of local issues and challenges and vice versa. This will help the company to align its goals and objectives both on an international local level and thus be more integrated in both spheres. Read more: http://www. ukessays. com/essays/marketing/nestle-case-study-assinemnt-marketin

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